I have continuity on the orange cable from the fuel relay side to the ECM side, but I still do not have 12v.
The orange cable (440) from the fuel pump relay doesn't go to the ECM. It goes through a fusible link to "hot at all times" system voltage, at the power center over the A/C evap. If you don't have power there, the pump won't run.
-If I jump 12v to the fuel pump directly, the pump works.
-If I jump 12v to terminal G, the pump works.
-If I jump 12v to #920 in the first diagram I've attached, the pump works.
So the question is, why am I not getting 12v to #490 (labeled red/white, but mine is orange)? Is the first connection on the junction box the "fusible link f" that's mentioned in the second diagram I've attached?
The question is NOT why you don't have 12V on 490. 490 is red in one illustration, red/white in another.
Orange is 440. The question is why you don't have 12V on 920. I'm guessing you don't have power on 920 because you have no power on 440.
490 goes to terminal G on the ALDL, and you have power there when you jump it. That's the only time you'd have power there. Nothing wrong.
Do you have power on orange 440?
Just took them all off & cleaned it for a second time; no change. Based on the "Fuel Pump Wiring" diagram, I would expect there to be continuity between the orange wire (#440) and one of the terminals on the junction block. I couldn't find any, so now I'm wondering if one of the fusible links is bad, despite not visually seeing any damage.
Yup. That's where I'd be looking. Trace the orange wire 440 from fuel pump relay to Splice 114, check for power. If no power, check for power at the stud that 440 connects to. If there's power at the stud (there better be!) but not at the splice...the fusible link popped or there's some other wire damage.