Boring update, got the front differential back together. Schurkey made me buy Permatex 51813 Anaerobic Gasket Maker so if it leaks it's his fault and totally not incompetence on my behalf.
I had a closer look at the junkyard NP241C after chiseling the dirt globs off it, figured out why the rear extension housing was removed from the unit at the yard:
You must be registered for see images attach
Somebody took the dang ol rear bearing retainer snap ring. Apparently these break, and now I've got to decide whether to find a replacement or go with a
Sonnax transfer case split ring retainer so I don't end up being the guy robbing a snap ring out of junkyard transfer cases. That appears to be the only missing component, it was leaking from the rear retainer housing (someone has been in here before, it was sealed with Permatex Ultra Black) so I popped that off and cleaned it out, then sealed it back up with the 51813:
You must be registered for see images attach
Gears look good, I think it wasn't sitting out exposed to the weather too long, and it was during weeks of surprisingly dry weather. The oil looked fine when I drained it. I mean, there were some chunks but I'm pretending that's normal. No water, is what I'm saying.
I'm blocked on reassembling the rear extension housing because of the snap ring, but it's also damaged:
You must be registered for see images attach
Should I smooth it out and send it or replace? Or is that whole assembly part of the output shaft seal I need anyway? There sure is a similar one sitting next to me on that NP243. But if I rob parts from that, it's less resellable as a whole unit.